Dr. Rangel Reviews Stingray Attacks

Via RangelMD.com:

The toxins are mostly made up of 5-nucleotidase and phosphodiesterase which are cytotoxins (they kill cells/tissue) and result in local necrosis (tissue death). This can lead to secondary bacterial infection and severe wounds may take months to heal. Stingray toxin also contains serotonin, which causes severe localized pain lasting up to 48 hours.

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